How to Do CPR: Hands-Only CPR in 3 Steps

Someone collapses at a wedding, in a gym, on a railway platform or at home in front of the TV. They do not answer when you call their name, and their breathing has stopped or turned into odd gasps. Their heart has most likely stopped pumping. What the people around them do in the next few minutes, before any ambulance can arrive, decides whether they have a chance.

That is what CPR is for. You do not need to be a doctor. You need two hands and the willingness to start.

Why bystanders matter

India has no national count of cardiac arrests. Police records alone show 38,599 sudden deaths from heart attacks in 2024 (NCRB, ADSI 2024), and many more cardiac arrests never reach those records.

Survival after a cardiac arrest outside hospital is low everywhere. In the US in 2024, 10.5% of these patients survived to go home (CARES registry). In one South Indian hospital study, only 1.4% did. In the US, survival was higher when a bystander started CPR: 13.0% against 7.6% without it. The difference is people who acted before the ambulance came.

What CPR does

CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) means pushing hard and fast on the chest to keep blood moving to the brain and heart while the heart cannot do it. It does not usually restart the heart. A defibrillator (AED) can do that in some cases, and CPR keeps the person alive until one arrives. Every minute without CPR lowers the chance of survival, so start at once.

When to start

Start CPR if the person:

• does not respond when you tap their shoulders and shout, and
• is not breathing normally, or is only gasping.

Do not waste time feeling for a pulse. Gasping is not normal breathing. If you are unsure, start CPR. Doing nothing is the only wrong choice.

Do not take the person to hospital before you start. Call 108 or 112 and start compressions where they are, and move them only if the place is unsafe, for example because of fire, traffic or water. The Indian compression-only life support guideline, written for adults, says to keep compressing until help arrives or the person is handed to a medical facility. For a child, see the child row in the table below.

Hands-only CPR in three steps

1. Check

Make sure the area is safe for you. Tap the person’s shoulders and shout, “Are you okay?” If there is no response, tilt the head back, lift the chin and look, listen and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds.

2. Call

Call 108 or 112, or get someone else to call. Ask someone to fetch an AED if there is one nearby, at a mall, airport, metro station, office or gym. If you are alone, put the phone on speaker and start CPR while you talk.

3. Push

• Lay the person on their back on a firm surface. Move them from a bed or sofa to the floor.
• Kneel beside them. Put the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest, on the lower half of the breastbone, and the other hand on top. Lock your fingers.
• Keep your arms straight and your shoulders over your hands.
• Push down 5 to 6 cm, at 100 to 120 pushes a minute. The beat of “Stayin’ Alive” is about the right speed.
• Let the chest come all the way back up after each push.

Keep going until the person starts breathing normally or moving, an AED is ready to use, or trained help takes over. If another person is there, swap every couple of minutes so the pushing stays strong. Do not stop to re-check on them every few seconds.

CPR steps in order

1. Check that it is safe to go near. Tap the person’s shoulders and shout. If there is no response, go to the next step.
2. Call 108 or 112, or tell someone to call, and ask another person to fetch an AED. If you are alone, put the phone on speaker. If the operator offers to guide you, follow what they say.
3. Check the breathing while the call connects. If the person is not breathing normally, or is only gasping, start CPR. If you are unsure, start.
4. Push hard and fast in the centre of the chest, on the lower half of the breastbone: arms straight, 5 to 6 cm deep, 100 to 120 pushes a minute, letting the chest come fully back up each time.
5. If you have been trained and are willing, give 2 rescue breaths after every 30 pushes. If not, keep pushing without stopping.
6. When the AED arrives, switch it on and follow its voice instructions, and go back to pushing as soon as it tells you to.
7. Keep going until the person breathes normally or moves, or trained help takes over. If someone else is there, swap every couple of minutes.

Call 108 or 112 as soon as there is no response. Give the exact address and a landmark, and say that the person has collapsed and is not breathing normally. Save both numbers in your phone today, so you are not searching for them when it matters.

Rescue breaths, if you are trained

If you have been trained and are willing, give 30 compressions and then 2 rescue breaths. Tilt the head back, lift the chin, pinch the nose, seal your mouth over theirs and breathe in gently for about one second each time, watching the chest rise. Then go straight back to compressions.

If you are not trained, or do not want to give breaths, keep doing hands-only CPR without stopping.

Using an AED

1. Switch it on and follow the voice instructions.
2. Bare the chest. Stick one pad below the right collarbone and the other on the left side of the chest, below the armpit, as shown on the pads.
3. Make sure nobody touches the person while it analyses the heart rhythm or gives a shock.
4. After a shock, or if no shock is advised, go straight back to CPR until the machine tells you to stop.

Special situations

Situation	What to do
Child (1 year to puberty)	Use one or two hands on the lower half of the breastbone and push about one-third of the chest depth, about 5 cm. If trained, give 30 compressions and 2 breaths.
Infant (under 1 year)	Use the heel of one hand, or both thumbs with your hands circling the chest, on the lower half of the breastbone, about 4 cm deep. The old two-finger method is no longer recommended.
Drowning	Give 5 rescue breaths first if you are trained, then 30 compressions and 2 breaths.
Pregnant woman	Use the normal hand position in the centre of the chest. Tell the 112 operator she is pregnant; trained responders will gently move the bump to her left side during CPR.
Electric shock	Make sure the power is off before you touch the person.

Do and don’t

Do	Don’t
Start compressions straight away	Wait for the ambulance to arrive
Work on a firm surface	Push on a soft bed or sofa
Push on the centre of the chest	Push on the stomach or the ribs at the side
Keep a steady rhythm	Rush or pause for long
Swap with someone when you tire	Stop because you are tired, if no one can take over

Myths and facts

Myth	Fact
“CPR is only for doctors.”	Anyone can do it, and bystander CPR improves survival.
“I might hurt them.”	Ribs can crack during good CPR. That heals; a heart left stopped does not restart on its own.
“Breathing into the mouth is the main thing.”	Chest compressions come first. Hands-only CPR is fine if you are not trained in breaths.
“CPR restarts the heart.”	CPR keeps blood moving. A defibrillator shock is what can restart some stopped hearts.
“It’s too complicated.”	Push hard and fast in the centre of the chest. That is most of it.

What every building should have

• At least one AED, kept unlocked in a clearly signed place and registered with local emergency services where possible.
• Staff trained in CPR and first aid on every shift, including security guards and housekeeping.
• Clear signs pointing to the AED and first-aid kit.
• A CPR chart near reception or the lift lobby.
• Regular hands-on refresher sessions.

Learn it together

Do a CPR course as a family, a workplace or a school group. Practise on a manikin, or on a firm pillow at home, until the rhythm feels natural. Skills fade if you never use them, so go back for a refresher when your certificate runs out.

Where to learn CPR in India

• Health Ministry course: the National Institute of Public Health Training and Research (NIPHTR) runs a First Responder course open to anyone aged 18 or more with eighth-standard education, including school teachers, drivers and security staff. Its page lists a fee of Rs 1,000 and gives the length as three days in one place and four in another, so confirm with the institute before you apply.
• Indian Red Cross Society: the Indian Red Cross Society lists a first-aid programme on its website and has branches across the country. Ask your state or district branch whether it runs a first-aid and CPR session for the public, a school or a workplace.
• Your own school, workplace or housing society: ask the management to arrange a hands-on session with a trained instructor and a manikin, and to repeat it every year. We have not checked every course on offer, so ask any provider who the instructors are and whether you will practise on a manikin.

CPR in schools

On 4 November 2026 a nine-year-old girl collapsed in her classroom at a private school in Mayur Vihar, East Delhi, and was declared dead at a hospital. Her family has asked why CPR was not given. The school’s principal says staff first thought a chin injury explained why she was unconscious. The cause of death is not yet known, and no report we read says whether CPR was attempted. We have set out what the reports say, and what is not known, in our case study of the Mayur Vihar school incident.

In schools, CBSE circular Acad-79/2015 of 24 November 2015 asks CBSE-affiliated schools to encourage staff to undergo first-aid training, keep adequate first-aid equipment and review it every year. It does not mention CPR or defibrillators. The Delhi government’s SCERT issued a circular making an online first-aid course mandatory for teachers in October 2025, reported by PTI; we have not seen the circular itself. We did not find any Indian rule that requires a school to keep an AED or to have a staff member trained in CPR on every shift. A parent can still ask the school who is trained, where the first-aid kit and any AED are kept, and who calls 112 or 108.

What needs to change

• CPR training in schools, colleges and driving licence programmes.
• Visible, unlocked AEDs in malls, airports, railway and metro stations.
• CPR training built into CSR and disaster preparedness programmes.
• Public recognition for people who step in and save a life.

Do this today

Save 108 and 112 in your phone. Find out where the nearest AED is at your office, gym or society. Then put on “Stayin’ Alive”, kneel by a firm pillow, and push along to the beat for one minute. You will remember it when it matters.

References

• American Heart Association: Highlights of the 2025 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC
• European Resuscitation Council: The ERC Guidelines 2025 on Resuscitation for Everyone
• Resuscitation Council UK: Adult Basic Life Support Guidelines 2025
• CARES (Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival): 2024 Annual Report
• Bhat R et al., Pre-hospital care of out of hospital cardiac arrest victims and their outcome in a tertiary care hospital in India, Indian Heart Journal, 2021
• NCRB, Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India 2024, Table 1.7